On the 7th of Sivan, Moses went up onto the mountain.... On the 17th of Tammuz the Tablets were broken. On the 18th he burned the [Golden] Calf and judged the transgressors. On the 19th he went up for forty days and pleaded for mercy. On the 1st of Elul he went up to receive the Second Tablets, and was there for forty days. On the 10th of Tishrei G-d restored His goodwill with the Jewish people gladly and wholeheartedly, saying to Moses “I have forgiven, as you ask,” and gave him the Second Tablets.

Rashi, Exodus 32:1 and 33:11

A single drop of seawater, analyzed in the laboratory, will reveal the characteristics of billions of its sisters; indeed, it will tell you much about every drop in every ocean on earth.

The same is true of history. On the one hand, each period is unique, each year, day and moment distinct in content and character. And yet, as we often recognize, the story of an individual life may tell the story of a century, and the events of a single generation may embody those of an entire era. On the surface, time may more resemble the disparate terrain of land than it does the uniform face of the sea; but once you strip away the externalities of background and circumstance, a drop in the ocean of time will reflect vast tracts of its waters and, ultimately, its entire expanse.

We, who travel the terrestrial surface of time, know it as a succession of events and experiences. We traverse its rises and slumps, its deserts and wetlands, its smooth and rocky passes. To us, the universal nature of the moment lies buried deep beneath its more immediate significance; to us, the moment yields not the totality of life and history, only those specific elements and facets thereof which it embodies.

But there are also vistas of a more inclusive nature, landscapes of such diversity and impact that they are virtual mini-worlds of their own. There are stretches in the journey of an individual or a people in which the all-reflectiveness of the moment rises to the surface, in which a series of events offers a condensed version of the entire universe of time.

One such potent stretch of time was a 120-day period in the years 2448-9 from Creation (1313 bce). The events of this period, experienced by the Jewish people soon after their birth as a nation, choreograph the very gist of the human story—the basis, the process, and the end-goal of life on earth. The 120 days from Sivan 6, 2448 to Tishrei 10, 2449 contained it all: the underpinnings of creation, the saga of human struggle, and the ultimate triumph which arises from the imperfections and failings of man.

On Sivan 6, 2448, the entire people of Israel gathered at Mount Sinai to receive the Torah from G-d. There they heard the Ten Commandments which encapsulate the entire Torah. The following morning, Moses ascended the mountain, where he communed with G-d for forty days and forty nights and received the Torah proper, the more detailed rendition of G-d’s communication to humanity.[1]

At the end of these forty days on Mount Sinai, G-d gave Moses two tablets of stone, “the handiwork of G-d,” upon which the Ten Commandments were “engraved by the finger of G-d.”[2] But in the camp below, the Jewish people were already abandoning their newly made covenant with G-d. Reverting to the paganism of Egypt, they made a calf of gold and, amidst feasting and hedonistic disport, proclaimed it the god of Israel.[3]

G-d said to Moses: Go, descend, for your people, which you have brought up from the land of Egypt, have been corrupted; they have quickly turned from the path that I have commanded them...

And Moses turned and went down from the mountain with the two Tablets of Testimony in his hand.... And when Moses approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing ... he threw the tablets from his hands and shattered them at the foot of the mountain.[4]

It was the 17th of Tammuz.

Moses destroyed the idol and rehabilitated the errant nation. He then returned to Sinai for a second forty days, to plead before G-d for the forgiveness of Israel. G-d agreed to provide a second set of tablets to replace those which had been broken in the wake of Israel’s sin. These tablets, however, were not to be the “handiwork of G-d,” but of human construction:

And G-d said to Moses: “Carve yourself two tablets of stone, like the first; and I shall inscribe upon them the words that were on the first tablets which you have broken.... Come up in the morning to Mt. Sinai, and present yourself there to Me on the top of the mountain.”[5]

On the 1st of Elul, Moses ascended Sinai for his third and final forty days atop the mountain. On Tishrei 10, we received our second set of the Ten Commandments, inscribed by G-d upon the tablets carved by Moses’ hand.

Thus, we have three forty-day periods, and three corresponding states of Torah: the First Tablets, the Broken Tablets, and the Second Tablets. These embody the foundation of our existence, the challenge of life, and the ultimate achievement of man.

Our sages point out that the opening verse of the Torah’s account of creation, “Bereishit bara Elokim...” (“In the beginning G-d created the heavens and the earth...”), begins with the letter bet—the second letter of the Hebrew alef-bet. This is to teach us that there is an alef that comes before the bet of the created existence; that creation is not an end in itself, but comes to serve a principle which precedes it in sequence and substance.

The pre-Genesis alef is the alef of “Anochi Hashem Elokecha...” (“I am the L-rd your G-d...”)—the first letter of the Ten Commandments. Torah is G-d’s preconception of what life on earth should be like; the basis and raison d’etre of creation is that we develop ourselves and our environment to this ideal.

But G-d wanted more. More than the realization of His original blueprint for existence, more than the falling into place of a pre-programmed perfection. More than a “First Tablets” world that is wholly the handiwork of G-d.

A created entity, by definition, has nothing that is truly its own: all the tools, potentials and possibilities it possesses have been given to it by its Creator. But G-d desired that the human experience should yield a profit beyond that projected—or even warranted—by His initial investment in us. So He created us with the vulnerabilities of the human condition.

He created us with the freedom to choose, and thus with the potential for failure. When we act righteously and constructively, we are behaving “according to plan” and realizing the potential invested within us by our Creator. But when we choose to act wrongly and destructively, we enter into a state of being that is not part of the plan of Torah—indeed, it is the antithesis of what Torah prescribes; yet this state of being is the springboard for teshuvah (“return”)—the power to rise from the ruins of our fall to a new dimension of perfection, a perfection unenvisionable by our untarnished past.

This is how Chassidic teaching explains G-d’s creation of the possibility of evil. This is His “fearsome plot upon the children of man.”[6] The soul of man is a “spark of G-dliness,” inherently and utterly good; in and of itself, it is in no way susceptible to corruption. Its human frailties are nothing less than a contrived plot, imposed upon it in total contrast to its essential nature.

If the “First Tablets” are the divine vision of creation, the “Broken Tablets” are our all-too-familiar world—a world that tolerates imperfection, failure, even outright evil. It is a world whose First Tablets have been shattered—a world gone awry from its foundation and its true self, a world wrenched out of sync with its inherent goodness.

The Broken Tablets are a plot contrived by the Author of existence to allow for the possibility of a “Second Tablets.” Every failing, every decline, can be exploited and redirected as a positive force. Every breakdown of the soul’s First Tablets perfection is an opportunity for man to “carve for yourself” a second set, in which the divine script is chiseled upon the tablets of human initiative and creation. A second set which includes an entire vista of potentials that were beyond the scope of the first, wholly divine set.

In the words of our sages:

G-d said to Moses: “Do not be distressed over the First Tablets, which contained only the Ten Commandments. In the Second Tablets I am giving you also Halachah, Midrash and Aggadah.”[7]

Had Israel not sinned with the Golden Calf, they would have received only the Five Books of Moses and the book of Joshua. For as the verse says, ‘Much[8] wisdom comes through much grief.’”[9]

These 120 days have left a lasting imprint on our experience of time.

Every year on the 6th of Sivan (the festival of Shavuot) we once again experience the revelation at Sinai and our acquisition of the blueprint and foundation of our lives. Forty days later, on the 17th of Tammuz, we once again deal with the setbacks and breakdowns epitomized by the events of the day.[10] The month of Elul and the first ten days of Tishrei, corresponding to Moses’ third 40-day stay on Mount Sinai, are, as they were then, days of “goodwill” between G-d and man—days in which the Almighty is that much more accessible to all who seek Him.

And Yom Kippur, the holiest and most potent day of the year, marks the climax of the 120-day saga. Ever since the day that G-d gave the Second Tablets to the people of Israel, this day is a fountainhead of teshuvah: the source of our capacity to reclaim the deficiencies of the past as fuel and momentum for the attainment of new, unprecedented heights; the source of our capacity to exact a “profit” from G-d’s volatile and risky investment in human life.

Based on an address by the Rebbe, Adar I 18, 5752 (February 22, 1992)[11]